The Europeanisation of French Nuclear Deterrence (iss.europa.eu)

• Expansion and modernization of French nuclear assets
• Increased operational cooperation with multiple EU partners
• Emphasis on linking conventional strike capabilities with nuclear signaling

"President Macron has initiated a shift toward integrating European allies into France's nuclear deterrence framework. While France retains sovereign control over its arsenal, the strategy involves deepened consultations, joint exercises, and temporary deployments to partner nations. This evolution aims to fill the gap left by uncertainties regarding US security guarantees. Analysts stress that this nuclear posture must be bolstered by significant upgrades to European conventional forces, specifically long-range strike capabilities and air defenses, to effectively manage potential escalation scenarios in Eastern Europe."