Brexit, ten years on: ten points quantifying the cost (legrandcontinent.eu)

• GDP loss of 6-8% in 2025
• Micro-exporters to EU down 31%
• Only four new trade deals, GDP gain 0.32%
• 440 financial firms relocated activities; New York benefits
• Energy dependence on EU interconnectors
• Regulatory alignment on sanctions and digital law

"A study by the Global Trade Policy Observatory quantifies the economic cost of Brexit a decade after the referendum. UK GDP in 2025 is 6–8% below its counterfactual path. Micro-exporters to the EU fell by 31%. The 'Global Britain' strategy delivered only four new trade deals with a 0.32% GDP gain. Financial firms moved activities, but New York benefited more than European hubs. On energy, sanctions, and digital regulation, the UK is de facto aligning with the EU."