EU Railway Liberalization and Pricing Disparities (euobserver.com)

• 15 years of rail liberalization with mixed results
• Extreme pricing disparity versus aviation
• Systemic barriers to cross-border rail efficiency

"Fifteen years into the EU's railway liberalization initiative, the sector faces significant hurdles in competing with air travel. Disparities in pricing remain stark, with certain long-distance rail routes costing up to 26 times more than flights. Achieving a unified European rail network is essential for sustainable transport policy but remains hindered by fragmented infrastructure and national barriers."