EU energy diplomacy successes and structural weaknesses in phase-out of Russian fossil fuels (ecfr.eu)

• EU reduced Russian gas imports from 45% to 12% (2021-2025) and oil from 26% to 2%
• Most energy deals are bilateral; clean energy agreements mostly non-binding memoranda
• ECFR recommends EU-wide energy diplomacy framework and binding clean energy contracts

"The EU reduced Russian gas imports from 45% to 12% (2021-2025) and oil from 26% to 2%. However, most energy agreements remain bilateral and focused on fossil fuels; clean energy deals are mostly non-binding memoranda. ECFR recommends an EU energy diplomacy framework, more binding clean energy contracts, and completion of Russian phase-out by 2027."