20 Sanctions Packages Later: Europe’s Timing Problem, Not Strength (euobserver.com)

• 20 sanctions packages imposed on Russia since 2022.
• Early credible deterrence could have altered outcomes.
• Economic modeling highlights timing as critical variable.

"A study with Sciences Po Paris models that credible threats of strong sanctions in 2021 might have deterred Russia’s invasion. The issue is not the severity of sanctions but their delayed implementation."