EU Geoeconomic Deterrence Strategy against China (ecfr.eu)

• Chinese monopolies on rare earths are utilized as strategic political leverage.
• Passive de-risking strategies fail to counter active economic coercion.
• The EU requires a robust deterrence framework with actionable trade instruments.

"Europe faces a systemic challenge from China's deliberate use of export surpluses and its monopoly on critical raw materials. The traditional 'de-risking' approach is no longer sufficient. The EU must transition toward a credible deterrence strategy that recognizes economic dependencies as geopolitical leverage, requiring offensive countermeasures to protect the continent's industrial base and sovereignty."