Documented Russian Hybrid Operations against Europe: GPS Jamming in Bulgaria, Drone Incursions over Poland, Disinformation (visegradinsight.eu)

• On 1 September 2025, GPS jamming hit the aircraft carrying EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen near Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
• On 9 September 2025, about twenty Russian drones entered Polish airspace before the Zapad-2025 exercises; Warsaw and other airports closed.
• NATO activated its highest alert after the Polish drone incursion.

"On 1 September 2025, GPS jamming affected the aircraft carrying European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen during landing in Plovdiv, Bulgaria; pilots used paper maps and Bulgarian authorities suspected Russian interference. On 9 September 2025, about twenty Russian drones penetrated Polish airspace ahead of the Zapad-2025 exercises in Belarus, forcing airport closures in Warsaw and other cities and prompting NATO's highest alert. The article frames these incidents as part of a coordinated Kremlin hybrid campaign — spanning Ukraine, Eastern Europe, the Balkans, Southern Europe and the Nordics — using drones, arson and AI-driven influence operations."