Moscow Strengthens Air Defence with New Units and S-500 Systems (defence24.com)

• Moscow's air defence is under the 1st Special-Purpose Air and Missile Defence Army, with three divisions.
• In 2023, two new brigades (99th Air Defence and 64th Missile Defence) were formed.
• A new division with S-500 systems was established in 2025 near Krasnogorsk.

"Russia is expanding Moscow's air defence network. Since 2023, two new brigades have been formed, and in 2025 a new division equipped with S-500 Prometey systems was established. Exact force numbers remain unclear due to operational security, but the structural changes indicate sustained high priority."