Artemis II and the invisible hazard on the way to the Moon (ansto.gov.au)

• Deep space radiation poses severe risks beyond the Van Allen belts.
• Solar particle events remain difficult to predict and mitigate.
• Advanced hardening is required for future long-duration human exploration.

"The Artemis II mission presents significant physiological risks due to ionizing radiation exposure while traversing deep space beyond Earth's magnetosphere. Although the Orion spacecraft includes radiation hardening, unpredictable solar particle events pose a persistent threat to crew safety. Future lunar operations require refined predictive models and advanced shielding materials to maintain European and international standards for long-duration human spaceflight resilience."