German defense industry faces rare earth supply risks after China tightens export rules (dw.com)

• China tightened rare earth export rules in October 2025, threatening military supplies
• German F-35 bombers require over 400 kg of rare earths each
• BDI warns new rules enable industrial espionage against arms makers
• Japan reduced dependence after 2010 embargo; Europe now seeking alternatives

"China's tighter export controls on rare earths threaten German defense manufacturers who rely on these metals for weapons including F-35 jets and submarines. Industry associations warn of industrial espionage through disclosure requirements. Companies have short-term stockpiles but long-term alternatives are years away."