Strategic Maritime Engagement: Securing EU Sea Lines via Middle Power Partnerships (hcss.nl)

• Distinct regional threat profiles: interstate rivalry vs. episodic non-state disruption
• Prioritizing capacity-building and joint maritime situational awareness
• Integrating critical infrastructure resilience against environmental and security risks

"The HCSS report evaluates how Europe can secure critical sea lines of communication in the South China Sea and the Red Sea. By applying a threat-based methodology, researchers argue for tailored cooperation with regional emerging powers. The study highlights the need to balance preventive measures like maritime domain awareness with high-intensity responsive readiness to mitigate threats from great-power competition and non-state actors."