O2 Telefónica to shut down 2G in Germany by second half of 2028 (heise.de)

• O2 Telefónica to shut down 2G in Germany in H2 2028.
• Vodafone and Deutsche Telekom also target 2028 for 2G shutdown.
• Spectrum refarmed for 4G/5G; IoT migration needed.

"O2 Telefónica announced it will shut down the 2G mobile standard in Germany in the second half of 2028. 2G no longer meets current demands as 4G and 5G networks provide better performance. Vodafone and Deutsche Telekom also plan 2G shutdowns in 2028. Freed spectrum will be refarmed for modern networks. Users of older handsets must upgrade. IoT devices relying on 2G should be migrated."