ECFR proposes European defence model with three pillars to limit US dependence (ecfr.eu)

• Layered leadership: NATO commands, EU solidarity, minilateral coalitions
• Capability upgrades: forward defence, nuclear deterrence, drone integration
• Industrial transformation: EU-enforced collaborative production and reduced US dependency

"A new ECFR policy brief outlines a European defence strategy to address the Russian threat and potential US disengagement. It proposes a layered decision-making architecture using NATO commands, EU funding and solidarity, and flexible minilateral coalitions. Key recommendations include building up conventional forward defence, strengthening European nuclear deterrence cooperation, and creating a pan-European defence industrial base with enforceable EU obligations. The paper warns against replicating US power and advocates for a pragmatic, coalition-based approach that can function with or without American participation."